Eventually the Vizier (Wazir), whose duty it is to provide them, cannot find any more virgins. [82] The Nights is almost certainly the earliest surviving literature that mentions ghouls, and many of the stories in that collection involve or reference ghouls. It is next mentioned in 947 by al-Masʿūdī in a discussion of legendary stories from Iran, India, and Greece, as the Persian Hazār afsāna, “A Thousand Tales,” “called by the people ‘A Thousand Nights’.” In 987 Ibn al-Nadīm adds that Abū ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbdūs al-Jahshiyārī began a collection of 1,000 popular Arabic, Iranian, Greek, and other tales but died (942) when only 480 were written. The influence of the versions of The Nights on world literature is immense. Several elements from Arabian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc. In his bitterness and grief, he decides that all women are the same. This is an early example of reverse causation. لا عُــدْتُ أَذْكُــرُ فُرْقًــةً بِلِســاني "OneThousand and One Nights," also called "The Arabian Nights," is a compilation of folk tales of Middle Eastern and Indian decent whose original authors are unknown. Written in colloquial Arabic, the work incorporates a variety of … The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins another one, and the king, eager to hear the conclusion of that tale as well, postpones her execution once again. This device occurs in the One Thousand and One Nights, which binds several tales in a story cycle. "[121], UPA, an American animation studio, produced an animated feature version of 1001 Arabian Nights (1959), featuring the cartoon character Mr. Common protagonists include the historical Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, his Grand Vizier, Jafar al-Barmaki, and the famous poet Abu Nuwas, despite the fact that these figures lived some 200 years after the fall of the Sassanid Empire, in which the frame tale of Scheherazade is set. An eon, and tears flooded my eyes The doctor then dumps his body down a chimney, and this leads to yet another tale in the cycle, which continues with twelve tales in total, leading to all the people involved in this incident finding themselves in a courtroom, all making different claims over how the hunchback had died. His vizier, however, has two daughters, Shahrazad (Scheherazade) and Dunyazad; and the elder, Shahrazad, having devised a scheme to save herself and others, insists that her father give her in marriage to the king. 2008: New Penguin Classics translation (in three volumes) by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons of the Calcutta II edition. 4, Marzolph, Ulrich and Richard van Leeuwen. Pellat, "Alf Layla Wa Layla" in Encyclopædia Iranica. (1839–42). [109], Galland's version provoked a spate of pseudo-Oriental imitations. (1825–43) by Maximilian Habicht. By the mid-20th century, six successive forms had been identified: two 8th-century Arabic translations of the Persian Hazār afsāna, called Alf khurafah and Alf laylah; a 9th-century version based on Alf laylah but including other stories then current; the 10th-century work by al-Jahshiyārī; a 12th-century collection, including Egyptian tales; and the final version, extending to the 16th century and consisting of the earlier material with the addition of stories of the Islamic Counter-Crusades and tales brought to the Middle East by the Mongols. Today it is the official language of, Western literature (18th century onwards), دَهْـرَاً وّفاضَ الدَّمْـعُ مِنْ أَجْفـاني, لا عُــدْتُ أَذْكُــرُ فُرْقًــةً بِلِســاني, مِـنْ فَــرَطِ مـا سَــرَّني أَبْكــــاني, تَبْكيــنَ مِـنْ فَـــرَحٍ وَأَحْزانـــــي, I'll never utter any separation with my tongue, With tears that from my lids streamed down like burning rain. Scheherazade (/ ʃ ə ˌ h ɛr ə ˈ z ɑː d,-d ə /) is a major female character and the storyteller in the frame narrative of the Middle Eastern collection of tales known as the One Thousand and One Nights Aladdin is only one of 1,001 tales. One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th-century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al-Rashid (died 809), his vizier Jafar al-Barmaki (d. 803) and the licentious poet Abu Nuwas (d. c. 813). [44] Mahdi argued that this version is the earliest extant one (a view that is largely accepted today) and that it reflects most closely a "definitive" coherent text ancestral to all others that he believed to have existed during the Mamluk period (a view that remains contentious). p. 37. The influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. 1839–1842: Calcutta II (4 volumes) is published. Yā 'aynu ṣāra ad-dam'u minki sijyatan Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Was Harry Potter’s Quidditch broom a Nimbus 2000? pp. 1–12. The Syrian tradition is primarily represented by the earliest extensive manuscript of the Nights, a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century Syrian manuscript now known as the Galland Manuscript. Stories from the One Thousand and One Nights have been popular subjects for films, beginning with Georges Méliès' Le Palais des Mille et une nuits (1905). Arabian Nights (2000), a two-part television mini-series adopted for BBC and ABC studios, starring Mili Avital, Dougray Scott, and John Leguizamo, and directed by Steve Barron, is based on the translation by Sir Richard Francis Burton. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. It contains, in addition to the standard text of 1001 Nights, the so-called "orphan stories" of Aladdin and Ali Baba as well as an alternative ending to The seventh journey of Sindbad from Antoine Galland's original French. Updates? University of Edinburgh", "The Cat and the Moon and Certain Poems by William Butler Yeats", One Thousand and One Arabian Nights Review (1969), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMD6lI_driU&list=PL9KkecclNUBSJGb1T2A0lrvYWhhK_m0g6&index=1, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9RaP5_8n90&list=PL9KkecclNUBT3yVEcdJ1rky5pEaAom80F&index=1, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMcbSVFroF4&list=PL-jpvrSs5Xbgnbi5h3hVamQG9g8P-44ra&index=1, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey-tr9HltVA&list=PLvh3mATBy-1eg3kPcU6dqQiGc7LYxLD1f, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GHAzCmuZyw&list=PL9KkecclNUBT1KgNQPJnJIuoSyNQE4VPJ, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY-B2Bn7Yh0&list=PL9KkecclNUBQ39OJf0jVwHcV863b5Bn6J&index=2, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0sQCsgiqic&list=PL9KkecclNUBSdIC-rSDjAcr42ZDN3FHYh, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bL0BZdCmPGw&list=PL9KkecclNUBTvfZ13g01VC_hmRDAtB5zY, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XK8axk5zEQs&list=PL9KkecclNUBSxMDFrJIJ3dDcQJ32qjJFx, The Most Ambitious Movie At This Year's Cannes Film Festival is 'Arabian Nights', https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8MukEws594&list=PLU-ZPntr7KxZkvwQOXiAunsd5dIZVgYsd&index=1, "The Arabian Nights: a thousand and one illustrations", Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights, Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress, Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Thousand_and_One_Nights&oldid=1010699577, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing predictions or speculation, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz work identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria (a few handwritten pages) dating to the early 9th century. The stories proceed from this original tale; some are framed within other tales, while others are self-contained. The One Thousand and One Nights, or the Arabian Nights, as it is also known, is constructed as a “frame story” to which all the other tales are subsequently added. [37][38], Texts of the Egyptian tradition emerge later and contain many more tales of much more varied content; a much larger number of originally independent tales have been incorporated into the collection over the centuries, most of them after the Galland manuscript was written,[40]:32 and were being included as late as in the 18th and 19th centuries, perhaps in order to attain the eponymous number of 1001 nights.[speculation? 1835: Bulaq version: These two volumes, printed by the Egyptian government, are the oldest printed (by a publishing house) version of. Praising God, royalties and those in power. The Nights were next printed in Arabic in two volumes in Calcutta by the British East India Company in 1814–18. He wrote that he heard them from the Christian Maronite storyteller Hanna Diab during Diab's visit to Paris. Robert Irwin summarises their findings: In the Nights, this didactic framework is the least common way of introducing the story: instead, a story is most commonly introduced through subtle means, particularly as an answer to questions raised in a previous tale.[62]. Others artists include John D. Batten, (Fairy Tales From The Arabian Nights, 1893), Kay Nielsen, Eric Fraser, Errol le Cain, Maxfield Parrish, W. Heath Robinson and Arthur Szyk (1954). Discovering that his own wife's infidelity has been even more flagrant, he has her killed. Famous illustrators for British editions include: Arthur Boyd Houghton, John Tenniel, John Everett Millais and George John Pinwell for Dalziel's Illustrated Arabian Nights Entertainments, published in 1865; Walter Crane for Aladdin's Picture Book (1876); Frank Brangwyn for the 1896 edition of Lane's translation; Albert Letchford for the 1897 edition of Burton's translation; Edmund Dulac for Stories from the Arabian Nights (1907), Princess Badoura (1913) and Sindbad the Sailor & Other Tales from the Arabian Nights (1914). You cry out of joy and out of sadness. While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing their life or another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy, and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen—and in all of these cases she turns out to be justified in her belief that the king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life. [30], In the 1950s, the Iraqi scholar Safa Khulusi suggested (on internal rather than historical evidence) that the Persian writer Ibn al-Muqaffa' was responsible for the first Arabic translation of the frame story and some of the Persian stories later incorporated into the Nights. Both the ZER printing and Habicht and al-Najjar's edition influenced the next printing, a four-volume edition also from Calcutta (known as the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition). which it made me happy that I cried He mentions the characters Shirāzd (Scheherazade) and Dināzād. The general story is narrated by an unknown narrator, and in this narration the stories are told by Scheherazade. The Polish nobleman Jan Potocki's novel Saragossa Manuscript (begun 1797) owes a deep debt to the Nights with its Oriental flavour and labyrinthine series of embedded tales. تَبْكيــنَ مِـنْ فَـــرَحٍ وَأَحْزانـــــي, Wa-laqad nadimtu 'alá tafarruqi shamlinā Long, long have I bewailed the sev'rance of our loves, Scheherazade (Persian: شهْرزاد‎, Shahrazād, from Middle Persian: شهر‎, čehr, 'lineage' + ازاد‎, āzād, 'noble'),[8][10] the vizier's daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. As the object of the present translation was in the first place, and The man travels there and experiences misfortune, ending up in jail, where he tells his dream to a police officer. ", "The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth Century", by Martha Pike Conant, Ph.D. Columbia University Press (1908), "Ali with the Large Member" is only in the, James Thurber, "The Wizard of Chitenango", p. 64, One Thousand and One Nights (disambiguation), a Thousand and One Nights (disambiguation), On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights, List of characters within One Thousand and One Nights, Nur al-Din Ali and Shams al-Din (and Badr al-Din Hasan), Translations of One Thousand and One Nights, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Tale of Sinbad the Seaman and Sinbad the Landsman, List of works influenced by One Thousand and One Nights, The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade, Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights, Twisted: The Untold Story of a Royal Vizier, Text of "Alaeddin and the enchanted lamp", The Third Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman – The Arabian Nights – The Thousand and One Nights – Sir Richard Burton translator, IIS.ac.uk Dr Fahmida Suleman, "Kalila wa Dimna", The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments – David Claypoole Johnston – Google Books, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Tale of Nur Al-Din Ali and His Son Badr Al-Din Hasan – The Arabian Nights – The Thousand and One Nights – Sir Richard Burton translator, "The manuscripts, Letter from Andrew Millar to Robert Wodrow, 5 August, 1725. 1931. One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the protagonist Bulukiya's quest for the herb of immortality leads him to explore the seas, journey to Paradise and to Hell, and travel across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world, anticipating elements of galactic science fiction;[86] along the way, he encounters societies of jinn,[87] mermaids, talking serpents, talking trees, and other forms of life. [70], Near the end of the tale, Attaf is given a death sentence for a crime he did not commit but Harun, knowing the truth from what he has read in the book, prevents this and has Attaf released from prison. Unabridged and unexpurgated translations were made, first by John Payne, under the title The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night (1882, nine volumes), and then by Sir Richard Francis Burton, entitled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885, ten volumes) – the latter was, according to some assessments, partially based on the former, leading to charges of plagiarism. The animated feature film, One Thousand and One Arabian Nights (1969), produced in Japan and directed by Osamu Tezuka and Eichii Yamamoto, featured psychedelic imagery and sounds, and erotic material intended for adults.[123]. Jorge Luis Borges, however, wrote a celebrated essay on “The Translators of The Thousand and One Nights” in which – while he chastises Burton for his distortions and "indulgent loitering" — he allows that “the problems that Burton resolved are innumerable” and delights in his careful use of an extravagantly exotic vocabulary in which … As they tell their story it transpires that, although the younger of them, the woman's husband, was responsible for her death, some of the blame attaches to a slave, who had taken one of the apples mentioned in the title and caused the woman's murder. The critic Robert Irwin singles out the two versions of The Thief of Baghdad (1924 version directed by Raoul Walsh; 1940 version produced by Alexander Korda) and Pier Paolo Pasolini's Il fiore delle Mille e una notte (1974) as ranking "high among the masterpieces of world cinema. The Nights, however, improved on the Panchatantra in several ways, particularly in the way a story is introduced. The tales themselves come in a very wide variety of genres, including fables, adventures, mysteries, love-stories, dramas, comedies, tragedies, horror stories, poems, burlesque, and erotica. The first European version (1704–1717) was translated into French by Antoine Galland from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension and other sources. The first European translation of the Nights, which was also the first published edition, was made by Antoine Galland as Les Mille et Une Nuits, contes arabes traduits en français, 12 vol. 2004. Though invisible, fate may be considered a leading character in the One Thousand and One Nights. In, Irwin, Robert. Illustration by Anne Anderson of the Story Sidi Nouman from One Thousand and One Nights. The source for most later translations, however, was the so-called Vulgate text, an Egyptian recension published at Bulaq, Cairo, in 1835, and several times reprinted. Safa Khulusi, The Influence of Ibn al-Muqaffa' on The Arabian Nights. Arabian Nights, Richard Burton book cover 1200×1600 [image source] Arabian Nights, Richard Burton, cover 20200510 2592×1944 The Arabian Nights, a tale of unfaithful wifes, Islamic mores, with monsters and gods. It was translated into English by Powys Mathers, and issued in 1923. [49], Later versions of the Nights include that of the French doctor J. C. Mardrus, issued from 1898 to 1904. [51] Both volumes were the basis for a single-volume reprint of selected tales of Haddawy's translations.[52]. A ghoul is a creature originating Arabian folklore, but it appears in stories from Persian and Turkish folklore as well. [84], The horrific nature of Scheherazade's situation is magnified in Stephen King's Misery, in which the protagonist is forced to write a novel to keep his captor from torturing and killing him. [37][38], In 1997, a further Arabic edition appeared, containing tales from the Arabian Nights transcribed from a seventeenth-century manuscript in the Egyptian dialect of Arabic.[47]. Other writers who have been influenced by the Nights include John Barth, Jorge Luis Borges, Salman Rushdie, Orhan Pamuk, Goethe, Walter Scott, Thackeray, Wilkie Collins, Elizabeth Gaskell, Nodier, Flaubert, Marcel Schwob, Stendhal, Dumas, Gérard de Nerval, Gobineau, Pushkin, Tolstoy, Hofmannsthal, Conan Doyle, W. B. Yeats, H. G. Wells, Cavafy, Calvino, Georges Perec, H. P. Lovecraft, Marcel Proust, A. S. Byatt and Angela Carter. [86] In "Abu al-Husn and His Slave-Girl Tawaddud", the heroine Tawaddud gives an impromptu lecture on the mansions of the Moon, and the benevolent and sinister aspects of the planets. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1,001 or more. A variant of this story later appears in English folklore as the "Pedlar of Swaffham" and Paulo Coelho's "The Alchemist"; Jorge Luis Borges' collection of short stories A Universal History of Infamy featured his translation of this particular story into Spanish, as "The Story Of The Two Dreamers. Beaumont, Daniel. Erotic, brutal, witty and poetic, One Thousand and One Nights are the never-ending stories told by the young Shahrazad under sentence of death to King Shahrayar. In other words, the foreboding dream not only predicted the future, but the dream was the cause of its prediction coming true. [2], The work was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars across West, Central and South Asia, and North Africa. Arabian Nights is a 1942 adventure film directed by John Rawlins and starring Sabu, Maria Montez, Jon Hall and Leif Erickson. In particular, the Arabian Nights tale of "Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad" revolves around a house haunted by jinn. He noted that the Sassanid kings of Iran enjoyed "evening tales and fables". He also writes disparagingly of the collection's literary quality, observing that "it is truly a coarse book, without warmth in the telling". A notable example is "The Ruined Man who Became Rich Again through a Dream", in which a man is told in his dream to leave his native city of Baghdad and travel to Cairo, where he will discover the whereabouts of some hidden treasure. Then, in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century, this original core had Arab stories added to it—among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including "The Second Shaykh's Story", "The Eldest Lady's Tale" and "Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders. Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a composite work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia. One can find stories from Thousand and One Nights at Amazon. [97], Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. One Thousand and One Nights. 2004. This would place genesis of the collection in the 8th century.[31][32]. The Thousand and One Nights, also called The Arabian Nights, Arabic Alf laylah wa laylah, collection of largely Middle Eastern and Indian stories of uncertain date and authorship. There is an abundance of Arabic poetry in One Thousand and One Nights. [81] Crime fiction elements are also present near the end of "The Tale of Attaf" (see Foreshadowing above). [95] He wraps his ring in a paper and hands it to the servant who delivers it to the Queen. The One Thousand and One Nights and various tales within it make use of many innovative literary techniques, which the storytellers of the tales rely on for increased drama, suspense, or other emotions. Part of its popularity may have sprung from improved standards of historical and geographical knowledge.
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